Background: Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) are characterized by pain and dysfunction affecting the temporomandibular joints and surrounding muscles. TMD prevalence in the general population is estimated at 5–12%, with psychological factors like anxiety and depression contributing to its onset and progression. TMD's impact extends to various health conditions and psychological distress. The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated musculoskeletal pain, with studies indicating a heightened prevalence of TMD among those affected. Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and impact of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) in individuals affected by COVID-19 in Central India. Material and methods: This observational, cross-sectional study was conducted in Central India from January to April 2024 and included 400 patients attending the hospital OPD. Participants were selected via convenience sampling, with a focus on those affected by COVID-19. Data was collected through a pre-tested, self-administered structured questionnaire, validated through expert consultation and a pilot study. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 21.0, assessing data distribution and significance. Results: Among participants, 24.5% were aged 56 years or above, with 120 (30%) diagnosed with TMD. Of these, 46.67% were diagnosed post-COVID, with jaw pain being a prominent symptom. The pandemic worsened symptoms for 55.56% of participants, with many attributing this to increased stress. A significant number of participants sought medical help during the pandemic, but satisfaction with treatment options was low. Challenges such as increased pain and difficulty eating were reported, and most participants faced additional health issues post-COVID. Conclusions: The study reveals that TMD diagnosis and symptoms were notably affected by COVID-19, with increased pain and functional challenges reported. Despite seeking treatment, participants expressed dissatisfaction with available options, highlighting need for enhanced management and support strategies for TMD in the context of post-COVID health challenges.